Servers Available in Linux

Upto I know, the following servers are available in Linux. We will discuss about it one by one.

1. Web Server
2. Proxy Server
3. FTP Server
4. Samba Server
5. NFS Server
6. Database Server
7. LDAP Server
8. DNS Server
9. DHCP Server
10. NEWS Server
11. Time Server
12. Mail Server
13. Print Server
14. Linux Internet Gateway
15. Linux Virtual Server
16. SSL Server
17. NIS Authentication Server
18. PXE Kickstart Server (Remote Installation Server)
19. Application Server

If i miss any of server post here , I'll update them as soon as possible.

Sorry for the Inconvenience

Hi Guys & Gals,

Due to some personal problem, I could not post anything on Administration Notes.
Here after I will post regularly.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

--

Kumar Parameswaran

SAMBA client in Linux with GUI

We can connect samba server with GUI mode as like windows machine in Linux.

Run Application will be used to access samba server in Linux with GUI.

Alt+F2 used to open Run Application window.

It looks as follows.

run application

Just type smb://{samba server address} and hit Enter.

Ex.

smb://10.1.1.1

This will open your samba share window. Give password if it asks.

Users and Groups in Linux - 7

gshadow

The gshadow is group password file, It is used for encrypted passwords of group. It is also as like shadow file. It is located at /etc/gshadow.The normal user can's view this and root user only can view and edit.

Location : /etc/gshadow

Fields : 

1 - Group Name : It is name of group.

2 - Encrypted Password : It is current hash of the group's encrypted password.  The encrypted password consists of characters from the 64-character alphabet a thru z, A thru Z, 0 thru 9, \. and /.  If in encrypted password edited with ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in.

3 - Administrators : The list of  administrative users separated by comma. This will be done with "gpasswd -A"

4 - Members : The list of members separated by comma.

* Use man pages for more help.

Users and Groups in Linux - 6

group

The group file is as like passwd file. passwd is used to store user account information as like group file is used to store group information. It is located at /etc/group. It mainly used for store group name and their user name. Normal user can view this file. But only the root user can edit this.

Location : /etc/group

Fields : 

1 - GroupName : It is name of group.

2 - Password : Normally password is not used in group. It can store encrypted password as like shadow, here it'll be in gshadow. This is useful to implement privileged groups.

3 - GroupId (GID) : It is a unique id for the group. Each user have group id. We can see this at /etc/passwd file.

4 - Group List: This is list of user under this group, means member of this group. Each user separated by comma",".


* Use man pages for more help.

Users and Groups in Linux - 5

shadow

The shadow file is mainly used for store Linux User's login passwords as encrypted. It located in /etc/shadow. It's encrypted passwords. So we can't use this passwords straightly for login. The root user only can access this file anything view are edit. Other user don't have permission to view this file.

Location : /etc/shadow

Fields : 

shadow

1 - UserName : It is name of user which we created or superuser or system user.

2 - Encrypted Password : It is current hash of the user's encrypted password.

3 - Last Password Change : It is date of last password changed from 1 Jan 1970. It is UNIX time format (Epoch). You can know more about it here. The encrypted password consists of 13 to 24 characters from the 64 characters alphabet a thru z, A thru Z, 0 thru 9, \. and /. Optionally it can start with a "$" character. This means the encrypted password was generated using another (not DES) algorithm. For example if it starts with "$1$" it means the MD5-based algorithm was used. If in encrypted password edited with ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in.

4 - Days until Password change allowed: Till this date the user can change their password.

5 - Days before password change required : After this date the user is forced to change password.

6 - Days warning for password change : How many days want to warn user before the password expire.

7 - Days before account inactive : How many number of days the user can active after password expire .

8 - Days since account expires : The correct day when the login disabled from Jan 1 1970.

9 - Reserved : This is reserved for future use.


* Use man pages for more help.

Users and Groups in Linux - 4

passwd

The passwd file is used for store Linux User account information. And it'll be located in /etc/passwd. It contains root and system user accounts information also. So if any wrong changes happened it affect full Linux system. It only have read permission for all user and have edit permission for root.


Location : /etc/passwd

Fields : 

passwd

1 - UserName : It is name of user which we created or superuser or system user. Here the first "kumar" is user name. Linux allows user name will be 1 to 32 characters.

2 - x : It is location of password file. Here x point out /etc/shadow.

3 - UserID (UID) : It is a unique number for user. It'll be create at the time of user creation. 0 for super user (root). 1 - 500 for system users. 501 to 60000 for normal users and 60001 to 65535 for duplicate user.

4 - GroupID (GID) : It is a unique number for group. It'll be create at the time of user creation. 0 for super user (root). 1 - 500 for system users. 501 to 60000 for normal users and 60001 to 65535 for duplicate user.

5 - User Info : It is normally full name of the user. While create user we can give full name of user. It is generally a short description of the login user. It will be show at login page.   ( Ex. #useradd -c FullName username ).

6 - Home Directory : It is the path of the user directory. Normally files will be saved her when user create a file.

7 - Shell : It is the path of shell for the user. This shell will be used for the specific user.

* Use man pages for more help.

Users and Groups in Linux - 3

How to create user without group ?
Up to i searched and tried, we can't create user without group. We can only create a user with already created group.


How to create user with already created group ?
We can create a user with already created group with "-g" or "-G" option with "useradd" command.
Ex.
   useradd -g group1 user1
     //user1 will be create in group1 and group1 will be primary user of user1
   useradd -G group1 user1
     //user1 will be create in group1 and group1 will be secondary user of user1


How to create user without password ?
We can create a user without password by "passwd" command with "-d" option.
Ex.
   useradd test
   passwsd -d test


How to create user with more groups ?
When we create user, the primary group will be creat at same time or we want to mention group name with "-g" or "-G" option. We can mention multiple groups while create new user. And also we cam mention with "usermod" command for existing user.
Ex.
   useradd -g group1 -G group2,group3 test
     //"group1" is primary group for user "test" ; "group2" and "group3" are secondary groups for user "test".
   usermod -g group1 -G group2,group3 test
     //"group1" is primary group for user "test" ; "group2" and "group3" are secondary groups for user "test".


Is possible to change primary group of user ?
Yes we can change primary group of the user with usermod command.
Ex.
   usermod -g group1 user2


How to remove user from the group ?
We can remove user from the group with "gpasswd" command with "-d" option
Ex.
   gpasswd -d user1 group2
   ** If a user have the group as primary group, we can't remove the user from the group.


How to delete a user ?
We can delete user with "userdel" command, At the time of user creation, if we not mention home directory, it'll create a directory with user-name. We can use "-f" option for delete home directory of the user.
Ex.
   userdel -f user1
     //will delete user as well as user directory.


How to delete a group ?
We can delete a group, if it is not primary group of any user. We can use "groupdel" command for delete a group.
Ex.
   groupdel group1


How to make a user as root privileged ?
It's not recommenced for ever. But we can use sudo for make a user as like root (super user).


Is it possible to edit passwd / group file manually ? And it take affects in user and group ?
We can edit passwd , group files in /etc/. And it'll make changes in user, group and their permissions too.


Is it possible to create a user without user directory and how ?
Yeah we can create user without user(home) directory. The command "useradd" with "-M" will do it. We can login with it in terminal , it'll be as bash. and we can login with it as GUI. In gnome we can do only maintenance work it we know password of administrator/root. And be access some applications.

* Use man pages for more help.

Users and Groups in Linux - 2

Delete user

userdel command used for delete user. We can do it with root user.

Ex.
#userdel -f username
     // -f for delete user home directory.

Delete group

groupdel command used for delete group. We can use it with root user.


Ex.
#groupdel groupname

Files in Linux for User and Group

• passwd
• shadow
• group
• gshadow

     passwd
          The passwd file is used for store Linux User account information. And it'll be located in /etc/passwd. It contains root and system user accounts information also. So if any wrong changes happened it affect full Linux system. It only have read permission for all user and have edit permission for root.

     shadow
          The shadow file is mainly used for store Linux User's login passwords as encrypted. It located in /etc/shadow. It's encrypted passwords. So we can't use this passwords straightly for login. The root user only can access this file anything view are edit. Other user don't have permission to view this file.

     group
          The group file is as like passwd file. passwd is used to store user account information as like group file is used to store group information. It is located at /etc/group. It mainly used for store group name and their user name. Normal user can view this file. But only the root user can edit this.

     gshadow
          The gshadow is group password file, It is used for encrypted passwords of group. It is also as like shadow file. It is located at /etc/gshadow.The normal user can's view this and root user only can view and edit.


* Use man pages for more help.

Users and Groups in Linux - 1

Users :
Linux is Multi user environment. The users are those who can access the operating system resources with proper permissions as defined already.

Types of users :
I.   System Users
II.  Root User
III. Normal Users

I. System Users - They are default user in linux for some system process and service.
II. Root User - Root user is administrator of Linux System. He have all rights in machine. So should be very carefully with root user. Unknown mistakes may crash the system.
III. Normal Users - They are created by us for some reasons. They are limited users.

Groups : 
Groups are Logical experiences for tying users together. Normally groups are used to share files and permissions.

Types of groups :
I.   System Groups
II.  Root Group
III. Normal Groups

I.   System Groups - They are default groups in linux for some system process and services.
II.  Root Group - Root group is administrator group of Linux System.
III. Normal Groups - They are created by us for some reasons. They are limited groups.

Create User :
Normally we won't and can't create System users, It'll be created by system and or applications for services and maintainable. Root user will be created at the time of Linux installation.
for create a normal user we'll use the command "adduser".
We can use adduser command with root user only.

"useradd" command used to create a user. 
"passwd" command used to create password for user.

Ex.
[root@server ~]# useradd user1
[root@server ~]# passwd user1
user1

* Typed password won't be shown at terminal window
** Won't ask for password conformation for second time with root. (re enter password)

Create Group :
It also same as user. But When we create a user, the group for the user will be created with same name. A user must be with in a group. Two basic classifications in groups.

i   Primary Group
ii  Secondary Group

Primary Group - The user should be created with this group. He have all rights with in this group.
Secondary Group - The user may or may not have secondary group. And he may or may not have full rights with in this group.

"groupadd" command used to create a group.
Ex.
[root@server ~]# groupadd group1

User ID & Group ID
UID stored in /etc/passwd
GID stored in /etc/group

UID and GID are unique number for users and groups.
User and Group ID start with 0 and end with 65535.
0 - root user and group
1 - 500 for system users and groups
501 - 60000 for Normal user and groups
60001 - 65535 for duplicate user and group id.
A user can be assigned with multiple ID and these multiple ID numbers are chosen from this range of Duplicate ID range.

* Use man pages for more help.


While searching about it i got following questions :
i      How to create user without group ?
ii     How to create user with already created group ?
iii    How to create user without password ?
iv    How to create user with more groups ?
v     Is possible to change primary group of user ?
vi    How to remove user from the group ?
vii   How to delete a user ?
viii  How to delete a group ?  
ix    How to make a user as root privileged ?
x     Is it possible to edit passwd / group file manually ? And it take affects in user and group ?
xii   Is it possible to create a user without user directory and how ?

Play NFS (Need For Speed) or other Games on Full Screen in Laptop with Windows 7

Now a days most of people playing NFS serious (NFS Most Wanted , NFS Carbon etc.) in Laptop.

We are facing the problem that NFS game does not play in full screen mode. It have some black bar at both right and left side.

We can fix it with simple steps, For this your video driver should be installed with it's "Graphics & Media Control Panel" application.

Here i have explained it with screen shot. It'll be mostly same for Intel boards. Settings for other video drivers may differ. You may need to search for it in their graphics control panel.


Step 1 :

Click aero button at right bottom corner for show available notifications and running process. There is Graphics & Media Control Panel Icon.

If it is not avaliable there, you can get it from "Windows Control Panel".

It'll open your "Graphics & Media Control Panel".

 

Step 2 :

Click Graphics & Media Control Panel icon and choose Graphics Properties...

Step 3:

Under Intel Graphics and Media Control Panel,
Display -> General Settings -> Scaling -> Scale Full Screen

That all, Then apply and ok.

Here after your can play any of your favourite game as full screen in your Laptop and Desktop.

STEPPED IN TO 3rd YEAR OF MY CAREER

I have successfully stepped in to 3rd Year of My Career

As

Network Administrator.

I am Very Happy.

KUMAR